1.04 UTF-8 0 0 0 a vascular dense CT 2 dermis 1 derivaties of the skin 2 hair follicles sweat sebaceous glands 1 protects the body from increased solar radiation 2 melanocytes 1 waste products excreted by sweating 2 NaCl urea uric acid NH4 etc 1 synthesized from precursors in skin for protection from sunray exposure. Essetial for absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphate from the digestive tract 2 Vit D 1 thick skin is usually 2 non-hairy 1 thin skin is usually 2 hairy 1 predominant cell of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium 2 keratinocyte 1 dead layer of skin is replaced by... 2 keratinocytes 1 single layer of columnar or cuboidal cells with numerous hemidesmosomes. Frequent mitotic activity. 2 stratum basale 1 layer of irregular, polyhedral cells, slightly separated from each other 2 stratum spinosum 1 these cells provide resistance to abrasion of the epidermis. Where spines of cells are anchored with desmosomes. 2 tonofilaments 1 layer consists of 3-5 layers of flattened cells with the long axis parallel to the skin. Epidermis dies in this layer. 2 stratum granulosum 1 fills intercellular spaces and forms a water barrier for the skin in central region of stratum granulosum 2 glycolipid 1 layer in palms and soles. Clear and translucent, consisting of 3-5 cells deep. 2 stratum lucidum 1 has 5 distinct layer of cells 2 epidermis 1 five layer of the skin are... 2 statum basale, s. spinosum, s. granulosum, s. lucidum, s. corneum 1 outermost layer, composed of clear, dead, scale-like cells that are flattened and fused. No organelles or nuclei seen and the cytoplasm is fillled with keratine--derived from tonofibrils of deeper layers. 2 stratum corneum 1 duration of time needed for the keratinocytes to transit from the basal layer to the surface is about... 2 30 days 1 soft keratin in the skin is more elastic due to... 2 lower sulfur content. 1 hard keratin in nails and hair is less elastic due to ... 2 higher sulfur content 1 the blood suply to the epidermis stops at the 2 dermis 1 what cells are responsible for skin color? 2 melanocytes 1 color in skin comes from... 2 carotene hemoglobin melanin pigment 1 melanin is present in which two layers of the skin? 2 s. basale s. spinosum 1 melanocytes are derived from... 2 neural crest ectorderm 1 melanin formation occurs in 2 melanosomes 1 cytocrine secretion is... 2 the transfer of melanin into keratinocytes 1 melanin is produced by transformation of ... 2 tyrosine into a chemical called DOPA 1 solitary, stellate-shapped cells that are found primarily in the s. spinosum. Some phagocytic activity and immunological importance. APCs 2 langerhan's cells 1 these cells are widespread near the s. basale in the epidermis and are most abundant near findertips, which are important areas for sensory perception. 2 merkel cells 1 the nucleus of theses cells are indented and the cells contain dense granules. 2 Merkel cells 1 naked nerve ending of myelinated afferent axons end near these cells and these cells may function as mechanoreceptors 2 Merkel cells 1 this is composed of irregular CT and is subdivided into two layers: papillary layer and reticular layer 2 dermis 1 thin and located superficially, adjacent to the epidermis layer of dermis 2 papillary layer 1 beneth the papillary ridges and papillae that protrude into epidermis. contains dense CT and is the main fibrous bed of the dermis. 2 reticular layer 1 dermis contains skin appendages such as... 2 hair, senory nerve endings such as Meissner's corpuscles and sweat and sebaceous glands 1 controls or shunts blood flow to and from the surface of the skin during different termperature conditions. 2 arterovenous anastomoses 1 underside of hair bulb--deep invagination 2 dermal papilla 1 gives hair its color 2 melanocytes 1 smooth muscle bundle that erects hair cells 2 arrector pili muscle 1 glands connected with hair follicles 2 sebaceous glands 1 cells break down into a fatty mass, which forms an oily secretion called 2 sebum 1 a total destruction of cells and their contents to produce the secretory product is... 2 holocrine 1 simple unbranched, coiled, and tubular glands 2 sweat glands 1 three different cells types associated with sweat glands 2 secretory cells tubular cells myoepithelial cells 1 coiled secretory portion of the sweat gland that is lined by columnar or cuboidal epithelium. 2 secretory cells 1 serous, vary in height, and secrete watery product with solutes 2 clear secretory cells 1 these cells produce a mucoid glycoprotein 2 dark secretory cells (mucigenous) 1 secretory tubule narrows into a slender excretory duct, which is lined by a double layer of dark staining cuboidal epithelium 2 tubular cells 1 between base of the sweat gland secretory cells and the gounding basal lamina 2 myoepithelial cells 1 elongated nucleus and very thin cytoplasm. acidophilic. fnt is to contract and aid in expressing secretory product into the excretory ducts and to the exterior. 2 myoepithelial cells 1 three components of the mucosa 2 inner epithelium lamina propria muscularis mucosae 1 four major parts of the digestive system 2 esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine 1 underlying digestive tract epithelium layer of loose alveolar CT 2 lamina propria 1 intestinal glands, blood vessesl, lymph capillaries, and lymphaic tissue aggregations, the nodules are all found in the 2 lamina propria 1 cells noramally found in the lamina propria of the digestive tract.... 2 lymphocytes plasma cells macrophages eosinophils mast cells 1 muscularis mucosae has two layers of smooth muscle, how are they arranged 2 inner circular and outer longitudinal 1 the submucosa is located between 2 mucosa and muscularis externa 1 nerve plexus located in the submucosa. Consists of parasympathetic ganglion cells and the sympathetic axons that are mostly postganglionic and non-myelinated. 2 submucosal nerve plexus (meissner's) 1 plexus located between the two smooth muscle layers. 2 myenteric nerve plexus (auerbach's) 1 in digestive tract CT is covered by 2 peritoneum 1 this covers the outer surface of the abdominal poortion of the esophagus, stomach, and the small intestine. 2 serosa 1 when the wall of the digestive tube is not covered by mesothelium and it lies outside of the peritoneal cavity 2 retroperitoneal 1 keratinized epithelial lining of the mouth occurs here... 2 gums, roof of mouth, and dorsal surface of the tongue 1 this divides the tonque into anterior and posterior regions 2 sulcus terminalis 1 numerous taste buds are found in the apical epithelium of these mushroom shaped cells 2 fungiform papillae 1 only about 10-14 cells that have a moat-like circular furrow. 2 circumvallate papillae 1 serous glands located deeper in the tongue that flush the cirumvallate papillae 2 von ebners glands 1 cells associated with taste buds 2 supporting or sustentacular cells neuroepithelial basal cells 1 sweet and salt are best sensed at... 2 the tip of the tongue 1 sour is detected 2 on the sides of the tongue 1 bitter is detected in the region of 2 the circumvallate papillae 1 we produce about how much saliva per day 2 1000ml=1L 1 saliva contains... 2 salivary amylase maltase immunoglobulins A lysozymes H20 other ions and chemicals 1 the largest salivery gland. Located below and anterior to the ear with exretory duct penetrating the CT and muscles of the cheek and opeing into the oral cavity. 2 parotid gland 1 this gland lies on the flood of the mouth and its duct opens beneath the tip fo the tongue 2 submandibular gland 1 gland that contains only serous cells 2 parotid gland 1 gland that contains both serous and mucous acini 2 submandibular gland 1 a collection of oral glands lying in close relation to duct of the submandibular gland and beneath the mucous membrane in the floor of the mouth 2 sublingual gland 1 upper 1/3 of esophagus muscle fibers are 2 striated or skeletal 1 middle 1/3 of esophagus smooth muscle bundles are 2 mixed: smooth muscle and striated fibers 1 lower 1/3 of esphagus of muscularis externa 2 only smooth muscle 1 The stomach wall is impermeable to most material, but......are absorbed. 2 glucose alcohol H20 some salts drugs 1 what vit is needed for RBC production 2 Vit B12 1 cells that secrete HCl acid and gastric intrinsic factor 2 parietal cells 1 these cells secrete pepsinogen 2 Cheif or zymogen cells 1 muscularis externa of stomach has three layer instead of 2 what is their arrangement 2 outer longitudinal middle circular (continuous with smooth muscle from esophagus) inner layer is oblique 1 permanant circular or spiral folds in small intestine 2 plicae circulares 1 these cells secrete numerous regulatory peptides that are involved in gastric secretion, intestinal motility, pancreatic secretion, and gallbladder contraction 2 enteroendocrine cells 1 hormone produced by enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine when acidic chyme enters its lumen. Function is to stimulate secretion of the pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions 2 secretin 1 ions that neutralize the acidity of chyme 2 bicarbonate ions 1 the presence of partially digested proteins and fatty acids in the small intestine stimulate the production of this hormone by the intestinal enteroendocrine cells. 2 cholecystokinin 1 effect of this hormone is to stimulate secretion of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes 2 cholecystokinin 1 the simple tubular structures that opens between the bases of villi and extend deep to the muscularis mucosa 2 intestinal glands or crypts 1 these cells are found at the bases of intestinal glands in the small intestine. Pyramidal in shape and show protein secreting features. Produces lysozymes that digest bacterial cell walls and regulates microbial flora of the intestine. 2 paneth cells 1 stable population of cells (non-dividing) that regulate microgial flora of intestine 2 paneth cells 1 important structures for transporting absorbed fat from the intestinal lumen 2 lacteals 1 difference of cardiac and pyloric parts of stomach 2 cardiac has longer gland and smaller pit pyloric has a shorter gland and a longer pit 1