1.04 UTF-8 0 0 0 A one neuron pathway 2 somatic nervous system 1 where Ach is the neurotransmitter 2 somatic nervous system 1 receptor ion channel complexes that are directly gated by ligand binding. 2 nicotinic Ach receptors (nAchR) 1 As a general rule the effects of the sympathetci system are more ____________ while in the parasympathetic system the effects are more ____________. 2 widespread focused 1 An exception to the two neuron rule 2 the adrenal medula is enervated by a fiber that comes directly form the vertebra 1 Preganglionic fibers are __________________ and the postetganglionic fibers are _____________. 2 myelinated unmyelinated 1 range of preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic NS using the backbone as a yardstick 2 T1-L3 1 The ratio of postganglionic neurons to preganglionic in the symapthetic NS 2 100:1 This divergence is accomplished by branching of the presynaptic sympathetic axon which can then synapse with multiple postganglionic axon. This difference in divergence is the reason why the sysmpathetic system effects are more widespread. 1 this produces an influx of sodium through the ligand-gated channel 2 Ach 1 somatic nervous system release of neurotransmitter is very __________ 2 focal 1 In the ANS the release of neurotransmitter is _______________________ 2 like a sprinkler system This is because the synapses of the ANS do not exhibit the tight junctions seen in somatic synapses. 1 poisoning by this produces symptons within 15-30 min and include excessive alivation, sweating, tears, severe vomiting and diarrhea, but are usually resolved in 24 hrs. 2 mushroon Amanite muscaria all of these effects are due to muscarine binding to the Ach receptors in the effector organs and eliciting a response only seen when Ach is produced. 1 What are the two types of collinergic receptors 2 nAchR mAchR 1 receptor ion channel complexes 2 nAchR 1 G-protein coupled receptors 2 mAchR 1 This section of G coupled receptors are though to determine to which particular type of G protein the receptor will be coupled to. 2 C3 and H5 1 Activated Gs protein does what? 2 activates adenyl cyclase 1 adenyl cyclase does what? 2 converts ATP to cAMP 1 What does cAMP do? 2 binds to the regulatory domains of Prtein Kinase A. This results in the dissociation of the catalytic domains. 1 NE can be deactivated in two ways, what are they and where do they occur? 2 COMT outside cells MAO inside cells 1 this chemical is found in aged foods like cheese and wine 2 tyramine 1 these two chemicals can increase non-quantal relase of NE and can induce effects on the effector tissues 2 tyramine and amphetamine 1 what does phophodiesterase (PDE) do? 2 converts cGMP to 5' GMP 1 location of the widening of an artery 2 sinus 1 Functions of the ANS 2 maintain constant internal environment (homeostasis) coordinate response to exercise and stress (through epinephrin) assist endocrine system to regulate reproduction 1 one neyron pathway, with Ach as neurotransmitter, acts on nAchR, and is a focal release 2 Somatic NS 1 What are the three divisions of the ANS 2 Sympahtetic Parasympathetic Enteric 1 a two neuron pathway with effectors being smooth muscle, gland cells, and cardiac muscle. 2 autonomic NS 1 an exception to the two neuron pathway 2 sympathetic preganglionic fiber directly innervates adrenal medulla releases 20% NE and 80% Epinephrine 1 in the sympathetic NS the preganglionic fiber is ______ and the postganglionic fiber is ___________ 2 short long 1 Parasympathetic: preganglionic fiber is ________ ad the postganglionic fiber is ___________ 2 long short 1 neurotransmitter relased by the postganglionic fiber in the sympathestic branch 2 Norepinephrine 1 neurotransmitter relased by the postganglionic fiber in the parasympathestic branch 2 Ach 1 sympathetic innervation of sweat glands uses what as neurotransmitter? 2 Ach 1 neurotransmitter receptor in the sympathetic branch... 2 adrenergic receptor 1 neurotransmitter receptor in the parasympathetic branch... 2 muscarinic--post ganglionic nicotinic--pre-ganglionic 1 Muscarinic receptor (parasympathetic NS) G-protein coupled receptors found in smooth muscle 2 m1 m3 m5 1 Muscarinic receptor (parasympathetic NS) G-protein coupled receptors found in heart muscle 2 m2 m4 1 m1, m3, and m5 have a signal transduction associated with what... 2 Gq 1 m2 and m4 muscarinic receptors have signal transduction associated with... 2 Gi 1 muscarinic activation in smooth muscle pathway or otherwords lead to what? 2 Gq>PLC>IP3 and DAG>Increase in Ca>activation of PKC 1 muscarinic receptors and signal transduction pathway in hear muscle 2 m2,m4>Gi>inhibit adenylyl cyclase>decreases cAMP> no activation of PKA 1 Gi can inhibit adenyly cyclase which leads to a decrease in cAMP, but it can also... 2 open K+ channels 1 Adrenergic receptors alpha 1 2 smooth muscle 1 Adrenergic receptors alpha2 2 sympathetic nerve terminals 1 Adrenergic receptors beta1 2 found only in heart 1 Adrenergic receptors beta2 2 smooth muscle 1 alpha1 pathway... in other words leads to what effect? 2 >Gq...activation of PKC 1 alpha2 pathway... in other words leads to what effect? 2 >Gi...decrease in cAMP 1 beta1 and beta2 stimulate what? 2 Gs 1 Beta activation of Gs leads to what 2 acivation of PKA 1 direct gating of receptor-ion channel comples is _____________ whereas G-protein coupled synaptic transmission is _______________ 2 fast slower 1 in general the parasympathetic system _____________ and the sympathetci system _____________ 2 restores responds 1 the mini brain of the gut 2 enteric NS 1 >100 neurons lies outside of the CNS regulates motility and ion and water transport 2 enteric NS 1 steps of syntheses of Ach in the parasympathetic system 2 1. choline is co-transported with sodium 2. choline acetyltransferase catalyzes synthesis of Ach 3. Ach is packaged into vesicle 4. release of transmitter 5 Acetylcholinesterase destroys Ach 1 Synthesis and degradation of epinephrine 2 1. Tyrosineis co-transported with sodium 2. Tyrosine is coverted to DOPA and DOPA to Dopamine 3. Dopamine is carried into vesicle 4. Dopamine is converted to NE 1 what are two souces of circulating catecholamines 2 adrenal medula sympathetic nerves in blood vessels 1 what is the function of ATP being released as a neurotransmitter in the ANS 2 causes contration in smooth muscle of arterioles and vas deferens 1 what is the effect of NO in smooth muscle cells? 2 increase in cGMP activates cGMP dependent protein kinase PKG end result: relaxation o fsmooth muscle 1 flow equation 2 Flow=change in Pressure/Resistance 1 resistance depends on what three factors? 2 length radius viscocity of the fluid 1 cardiac output= 2 mean arterial pressure/vascular resistance 1 baroreceptors are found in what two locations 2 carotid sinus scattered through aortic arch 1 Horner's syndrom has three main symptoms, what are they? 2 ptosis--drooping eyelid miosis--partial constriction of pupil anhydrosis--dryness of face b/c no activation of sweat glands 1